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This series presents information based in part on theory and conjecture.

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The producer's purpose is to suggest some possible explanations, but not necessarily

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the only ones to the mysteries we will examine.

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Even beneath the seas the walls of a great city are visible.

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There are those who believe the architects were the vanguards of a society that took

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root in a new land.

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Who built it and why are still unknown.

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Perhaps these ancients knew more of the world than modern men imagine.

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In any civilization there are some who take risks, men who reach beyond safe borders.

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The passing of adventurers may be signaled by structures on the land, marks in the earth,

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ciphers in stone, like the curious ruin on a bleak New Hampshire hilltop.

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It is called Mystery Hill.

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Who built it and why.

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The legends of Native Americans tell of the first men who came into the world.

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They were brothers to wolves or sired by the very stars.

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Then it was said were animals and animals were men and that is how the Indians saw their

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own beginnings.

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Beyond Indian legend we really know very little of those first men.

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Time and again we find marks of their passing.

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Who were they?

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Where did they come from?

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They drove them to probe the wilderness and build outposts.

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Too many traces have been left by early wanderers.

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They cannot be ignored or easily explained away.

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In scattered enclaves a fragment of what had been built may survive.

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It will become a small piece of our past.

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An item of evidence that leads researchers to the discovery of what truly occurred.

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When 17th century Europeans colonized what is now New Hampshire they found that someone

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had been there before them.

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At the time no one thought much about the stone ruin near New Salem.

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They called the curious stone structure Mystery Hill and let it go at that.

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Mysterious it was.

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Totally unlike anything else the Europeans would encounter in their settlement of North

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America.

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It would not be until 300 years had passed that investigators would begin to solve the

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riddle of Mystery Hill.

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Their research would challenge some cherished ideas about the past.

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It's easier to cling to traditional beliefs than accept the possibility that we really

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know very little about our past.

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But if new ideas are sometimes uncomfortable they can also be exciting.

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In the past year evidence has been uncovered which suggests that there was a highly civilized

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presence on the shores of America thousands of years ago.

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The land called America was not devoid of people when the Europeans came.

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Nations called the natives savages.

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The natives called themselves Ottawa and Cree, Mohawk and Seminole, Dakota, Hoarni and

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Kioa.

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They were as unprepared to meet Europeans as the settlers were to understand them.

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Whatever their common origin might have been the old and new world peoples had little in

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common.

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For the most part the American Indian was still in the stone age.

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They revered their physical environment and lived close to it.

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They built lightly on the land and although they banded together into great nations of

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hunters and warriors their cities had no more lasting impact than a carpet of bright leaves

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in an autumn forest.

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Mystery Hill is not in the manner of Buffalo high tepees.

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It was built to last.

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Indians of this region did not build in stone.

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They lacked even the tools to do so.

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Mystery Hill would have been destroyed years ago if it were not for the efforts of Bostonian

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Robert Stone.

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Stone bought up the ruins so that it could be preserved for scientific study and the

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enjoyment of tourists.

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Professor Hans Holzer has come to learn what Stone knows of the site.

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A noted author and student of antiquity, Holzer will attempt to answer the questions

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who passed this way and why.

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The American Southwest is an arid land.

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Its native inhabitants found it difficult to scratch out a hold here.

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They built cities of mud brick, backed against cliffs for protection.

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Life hasn't changed much for the inheritors of this land.

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Outside of the few big cities of the Southwest, men still herd livestock and try to wrench

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a living from the dry soil.

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This uses a rich heritage nevertheless.

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We know the Pueblo Indians by their etchings in stone.

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Their cliff bound apartments showed thoughtful design and careful execution.

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But brick is not stone.

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The techniques used to build the Pueblos did not build Mystery Hill.

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Hans Holzer and Robert Stone can find little that Mystery Hill has in common with the

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Pueblos of the Southwest.

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Its architects must have come from another place, another culture.

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In the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming can be found another curiosity in stone.

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It is called the Medicine Wheel.

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Mantled by snow much of the year, the geometric arrangement of rocks puzzled western travelers

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for a long time.

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Most investigators are now agreed that the wheel was an Indian calendar.

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By the placement of stones, its makers could calculate the time remaining before the summer

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thaw.

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The very lack of a settlement area breaks the tie to Mystery Hill.

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The long central lane at Mystery Hill is reminiscent of some walled in streets of ancient

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Europe.

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And where does the lane end?

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At a large central structure, Professor Holzer has reason to believe was a temple.

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Again, a slender thread which may link Mystery Hill to the great cities of ancient Europe.

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Despite the strange visitors to Mystery Hill have crossed the notion, we have evidence

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that Norsemen like Leith Erickson made epic voyages in the 10th century.

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Erickson was blown off course while making a passage to Greenland.

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The landfall he reported making is thought to have been Newfoundland.

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He likely touched the new world, but all evidence is that he had neither the charter nor the

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will to begin a colony.

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Five hundred years later, the Spaniards and the Portuguese would supplant the Norsemen

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as explorers of the sea.

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A leading navigator of the day was Christopher Columbus, who convinced the Spanish throne

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he could sail west to India.

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These voyages were overtures to the coming of European colonization of the Americas in

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the 17th century.

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It is certain, however, that there were ships capable of making ocean crossings long before

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the time of Columbus or Leith Erickson.

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Did the strange visitors who built Mystery Hill arrive by ship from the east?

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And is this curious design on stone the random sign of a newcomer?

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Or is it the hull of a forgotten ship that turned its bow into the unknown centuries

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ago?

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At a laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists burn a bit of charcoal found at

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Mystery Hill.

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The charcoal is largely carbon, and carbon contains minute quantities of radioactive

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material.

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This material decays at a constant rate.

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Knowing that, scientists can fix the age of the sample.

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They determined that it is at least three thousand years old.

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The charcoal was found wedged between slabs of rock at Mystery Hill.

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The fire that produced it was lighted a thousand years before the birth of Christ, and the

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open question remains, but by whom?

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Mystery Hill knew Hampshire could not have been more aptly named.

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Its origins have puzzled men for centuries.

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Curator Osborne Stone is sure of one thing, however.

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The architects of Mystery Hill had an impressive knowledge of astronomy.

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We're standing in the astronomical center of the site, and if you want to view to the

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true north, you'll see a large standing monolith out here.

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It's composed of five stones, one missing that dates to site.

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Over to the east of us, we have a strange stone that's been on the wall for centuries

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that marks the summer sunrise.

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Now, if we look around to the southwest, we see the winter sunset stone.

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That was the first one that was found and kicked off this investigation.

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Stones that may have helped the strange visitors plot the seasons.

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They are substantial clues to the identity of the original Mystery Hill architects.

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The cultivation of expression.

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On the Salisbury Plain in England, it's a more familiar example of the kind of time-keeping

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function monoliths appear to have had for the ancients.

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To this day, some who call themselves druids gather at Stonehenge to mark the longest day

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of the year.

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It is believed that long centuries ago, druids offered up human sacrifice as part of their

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seasonal rituals.

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Mysteries may have been part of the firmament at Mystery Hill also.

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This is a viewing position for the sacrificial table I was talking about.

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You were asking me about the oracle too.

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That's right.

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It comes out from the oracle chamber.

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Stone points out a polished slab of rock.

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The grooves might once have run with blood to appease a god whose voice rumbled up from

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the earth.

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At least to give the oracle all the time.

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It appears that the builders of Mystery Hill imported their gods as well as their science.

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Some had theorized that Mystery Hill was the work of New Hampshire colonialists.

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What Stone calls the sacrificial table and the recently excavated oracle chamber are

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unlikely relics of English colonialism.

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The chamber was discovered in the darkened recesses of Mystery Hill.

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Professor Holzer has seen similar sacred grottos before, complete with speaking tubes

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to humble the faithful.

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The so-called oracle chamber had been the work of another society, a civilization where

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obedience to the Delphic voices was immediate and complete.

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The chamber was found not in America, but amid the ancient ruins of the Mediterranean.

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Professor will need more than these similarities if he is to advance his theory about Mystery

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Hill's strange visitors.

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Harvard archaeologist Barry Fell has spent years studying inscriptions and drawings from

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Mystery Hill and other unexplained ruins in North America.

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What about some of these inscriptions that have been found?

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What do they indicate in terms of people's presences in this area?

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Where are they from?

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Well they really tell us that America in ancient times was a melting pot of the races of Europe

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just as it is today.

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Same people, people from all parts of Europe and North Africa living together, even speaking

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their own languages side by side and writing their own inscriptions and their own writing

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systems.

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What people came here?

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Basques from Portugal, Celts from Spain and Portugal, Phoenicians from Carthage and probably

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from Phoenicia itself in Syria and ancient Egyptian traders too.

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Why do you think these people came here?

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I probably initially by accident, fishermen, you know the Portuguese people are a wonderful

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deep sea fisherman and inevitably a fisherman is going to be blown away from land and storm.

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A fisherman knows how to look after himself when he's blown out to sea and in modern times

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very long voids have been performed that way.

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They're initially accidentally later deliberately.

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Portugal's Doriamans still ply the Atlantic in the kind of small but sturdy craft they've

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apparently used for centuries.

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That the ancestors of these fishermen were skilled sailors few could dispute.

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Bolstered doubts that a fisherman blown off course would attempt to build a city.

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He and Fel pursue another line.

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In other words there's no doubt in your mind that ancient people from the Mediterranean

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era came and settled in New England among other places.

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No doubt at all.

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They probably settled all that part of North America that could be reached by ship.

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That is to say the whole Mississippi Valley and the branches of the Mississippi.

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The Mediterranean.

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And one time Knosis was her capital, a jewel like city on the island of Crete.

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All that's left now are the weather-worn ruins of graceful temples, courtyards and apartments.

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The people of this island were called Minoans.

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They were heirs to Phoenician sea kings who sailed here from what is now Lebanon.

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The Minoans loved music and art almost as much as they loved the sea.

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Even their architecture had a lyrical quality.

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The sea never seemed far from their thoughts.

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They must have gloried in all its aspects.

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The sea brought the Minoans power and wealth.

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Perhaps they had commerce with other advanced civilizations now lost to us.

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History records that there were catastrophic earthquakes in the Mediterranean basin around

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1600 B.C.

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Knosis was by then Queen City of the Mediterranean.

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She may have been a haven for the refugees of doomed civilizations.

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But so, the influx of new citizens must have created pressure for expansion.

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The Minoans already had colonies on the North Coast of Africa.

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And recent evidence discovered underwater in the Caribbean suggests that they had traveled

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to the Americas.

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It is nevertheless a radical theory that sailors from a Bronze Age culture could have dispatched

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the first strange visitors to the new world.

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Kassafel, how do your colleagues at Harvard feel about these amazing discoveries you've

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made?

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Very mixed feelings.

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My closest colleagues who of course support my work and assist me in it have very positive

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feelings and some other colleagues more particularly concerned with traditional aspects of archaeology

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so far have not supported my opinions.

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How did the ancient Phoenicians get here?

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They had ships, Dr. Halzer, better than those available to Columbus.

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Here is a carving of the hull of one of them that we found at Mount Hope, Rhode Island.

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We have one other carving from another part of North America.

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And then the fact that they made the voyages is sufficiently plain from the inscriptions

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that they left en route.

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The inscriptions Professor Fel refers to are found in abundance at Mystery Hill, if one

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knows what to look for.

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Osborne Stone, who assists his cousin Robert in preserving the site, points one out to

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Dr. Halzer.

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It has come to be called the G Stone.

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Halzer reads much more than a G on the weather rock.

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To me there is no question that this was written by people who spoke the ancient Phoenician

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language and used the Phoenician alphabet.

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The origin of this inscription is in the area of Phoenicia and the island of Crete, the

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Minoan culture where Phoenician people settled and then became the Minoan people.

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Professor Halzer has found his answer to the puzzle of Mystery Hill, from a small island

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in the Mediterranean to a hilltop in New Hampshire.

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It must have been an incredible journey.

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Everything feels right and seems to fit.

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The style of masonry is the same.

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The walled lanes are common to Gnosis.

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One could almost imagine being on Crete if it weren't for the Yankee accents and pine

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trees.

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Many will find it hard to believe the implications of Professor Fel's painstaking research or

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the results of the carbon dating.

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But the late summer of 1976 saw two distinguished researchers joining the ranks of those who

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support the Minoan theory and there were indications of more hard evidence to come.

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Skeptics abound in every culture.

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The Minoans may have found it difficult to believe there was much of a future here in

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America.

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It must have seemed so primitive.

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Perhaps that's why they vanished.

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The same curiosity which may someday take us to the stars has apparently propelled mankind

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throughout its long centuries of wanderings on this planet.

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We have evidence now that America was known to great civilizations which had become dim

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memories long before the birth of Christ.

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Much of what those strange visitors knew may be lost to us forever.

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The coast of America we thought of as pristine until the 15th century may have in fact been

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a thriving outpost of ancient commerce and exploration.

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We can only guess.

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The record of Mystery Hill was ignored for hundreds of years.

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It tells us that the Phoenicians may not have been the first strange visitors to America

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but that they were apparently the first to build a link between the old and new worlds.

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The link would be broken for reasons we cannot fathom yet.

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Centuries later the old world would rediscover the new.

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This time the link would hold.

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Coming up next, 20th century with Mike Wallace chronicles the bloody uprising at Attica Prison.

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Then World War II Japanese American soldiers fight the enemy abroad and racism at home

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as weapons at war brings you the story of the 100th battalion and the 442nd combat team.

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And later tonight Vanishing Act Week continues on Histories Mysteries with the story of the

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B-24 Liberator they call the Ghost Plane of the Desert.

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At 8 here on the History Channel where the past comes alive.